ABSTRACT
Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of themajor causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countriesdespite recent advances in aseptic techniques. The SSIs dueto emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria isolates areconsidered as grave threats to the public health worldwide.Each hospital has specific type of microbial flora from whichinfection initiates. In such condition microorganism showsunique type of antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern.In this study we report on the microbiological spectrum ofSSIs and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern with a viewto provide guide to the clinicians for making rational decisionover the choice of antibiotics in the management of surgicalsite infection.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study wascarried out in a tertiary care hospital and the 560 sampleswere collected, processed in the microbiology laboratory andevaluated for the study.Results: Out of 376 growth positive samples, Gram NegativeBacilli (GNB) were isolated from 271 (72%) samples andGram Positive Cocci (GPC) were isolated from 105 (28%)samples. Among the isolated GNB, only 5 to 10% weresensitive to third generation Cephalosporins. Sensitivity toFluroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin) was alsolow (Only 5% to 10% were sensitive). Only 3 to 15% of theGNB were found sensitive to Co-amoxiclav and 6.5% to 23%were sensitive to Ampicillin-Sulbactam. About 60% of thePseudomonas aeruginosa and about 40% of the Klebsiellaspp and Acinetobacter baumanii were found resistant toMeropenem.Conclusion: Gram Negative Bacilli predominated overGram Positive Cocci in surgical site infections in our setup. Very low sensitivity to 3rd generation Cephalosporins,Ampicillin, Co-amoxiclav and Fluroquinolones was notedamong GNB isolates and an increasing pattern of resistanceto Aminoglycosides and Carbapenems was also noted amongMDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumaniiisolates. More than 50% of the MDR Acinetobacter spp.were was found sensitive to Ampicillin- Sulbactam andMinocycline.
ABSTRACT
Macroautophagy is a catabolic pathway that degrades cellular components through the lysosomal machinery. Autophagy acts as a survival mechanism under energy depletion-or nutrition deficiency-caused stress as an intracellular quality management system by clearing damaged organelles like mitochondria and proteins. During the early and late stages of cancer development, the role of autophagy differs. In the very early stages of carcinogenesis, autophagy has an important function by reducing cancer initiating genetic instability and aberrant protein aggregates as well as promoting anti-cancer immune response. In established malignant tumors autophagy confers resistance against metabolic stress caused by nutrient deprivation and the rapid proliferation of carcinoma cells. This function of autophagy is also important for radiation and chemotherapy resistance in cancer. Autophagy not only promotes the survival of tumor cells but also in special condition leads to autophagic tumor cell death. During dysfunctional apoptosis this form of cell death mainly sensitizes cancer cells for therapy such as ionizing radiation. Therefore, the functions of autophagy during cancer progression and therapy are two-sided and further research is needed to understand them in greater detail. In this review the regulation and the role of autophagy in cancer and chemotherapy resistance are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Macroautophagy is a catabolic pathway that degrades cellular components through the lysosomal machinery. Autophagy acts as a survival mechanism under energy depletion-or nutrition deficiency-caused stress as an intracellular quality management system by clearing damaged organelles like mitochondria and proteins. During the early and late stages of cancer development, the role of autophagy differs. In the very early stages of carcinogenesis, autophagy has an important function by reducing cancer initiating genetic instability and aberrant protein aggregates as well as promoting anti-cancer immune response. In established malignant tumors autophagy confers resistance against metabolic stress caused by nutrient deprivation and the rapid proliferation of carcinoma cells. This function of autophagy is also important for radiation and chemotherapy resistance in cancer. Autophagy not only promotes the survival of tumor cells, but also, in special condition, leads to autophagic tumor cell death. During dysfunctional apoptosis this form of cell death mainly sensitizes cancer cells for therapy such as ionizing radiation. Therefore, the functions of autophagy during cancer progression and therapy are two-sided and further research is needed to understand them in greater detail. In this review, the regulation and the role of autophagy in cancer and chemotherapy resistance are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Emergence and distribution of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in environments pose a risk to human and animal health. A total of 82 isolates of Escherichia spp. were recovered from cloacal swabs of migrating and non-migrating wild birds. All bacterial isolates were identified and characterized morphologically and biochemically. 72% and 50% of isolates recovered from non-migrating and migrating birds, respectively, showed positive congo red dye binding (a virulence factor). Also, hemolysin production (a virulence factor) was showed in 8% of isolates recovered from non-migrating birds and 75% of isolates recovered from migrating birds. All isolates recovered from non-migrating birds were found resistant to Oxacillin while all isolates recovered from migrating birds demonstrated resistance to Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline and Lincomycin. Some bacterial isolates recovered from non-migrating birds and migrating birds exhibited MDR phenotype. The MDR isolates were further characterized by API 20E and 16S rRNA as E. coli and E. vulneris. MDR Escherichia isolates contain ~1-5 plasmids of high-molecular weights. Accordingly, wild birds could create a potential threat to human and animal health by transmitting MDR bacteria to water streams and other environmental sources through their faecal residues, and to remote regions by migration.